Exactly what is the tragedy of the commons? What are its consequences?

1. Exactly what is the tragedy of the commons? What are its consequences? (One half page to one full page response, single spaced.)
2. This article is recognized to be a high-impact public policy statement. But it was written by a biologist and not a government panel or politician. So in what sense is this a public policy statement? (One half page to one full page response, single spaced.)
3. In Thomas A. Birkland’s book, An Introduction to the Policy Process, the author identifies five elements of a policy design:
Element
Questions to Ask
The goals of the policy
What are the goals of the policy? To eliminate a problem? To alleviate a problem but not entirely eliminate it? To keep a problem from getting worse?
The causal model
What is the causal model? Do we know that, if we do X, Y will result? How do we know this? If we don’t know, how can we find out?
The tools of the policy
What tools or instruments will be used to put the policy into effect? Will they be more or less coercive? Will they rely more on incentives, persuasion, or information? Capacity building?
The targets of the policy
Whose behavior is supposed to change? Are their direct and indirect targets? Are design choices predicated on our social construction of the target population?
The implementation of the policy
How will the program be implemented? Who will lay out the implementation system? Will a top-down or bottom-up design be selected? Why?
Thomas A. Birkland, An Introduction to the Policy Process (2nd ed.), Armonk, NY: 2005. Page 160.
Develop a five element policy design based on Hardin’s arguments, as presented in ”The Tragedy of the Commons.” (No limitation on length. Response should be typed single spaced.)
Read Hardin’s article to answer the above questions (http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles/art_tragedy_of_the_commons.html ):