ff

Instructional Guide

Name

Institutional Affiliation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Instructional Guide on how to list and sell items online

Outline

1.      Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..…4

1.1 Overview of the relevant websites…………………………………………………………………………5

`eBay is an e-commerce and a multinational company located in the United States that primarily deals with consumer sales via the internet. It is located in the state of California and was founded in 1995 by Pierre Omidyar. This is a multi-billion dollar company that is located in over thirty countries.

Etsy is also an e-commerce company that primarily deals with the supply of hand-made and vintage items. These products range from jewelry, photography, bath, art, food, clothing and beauty products. 2013 statistics indicate that there were over 30 million users and these numbers are expected to double in the next decade.

1.2 Guidelines for evaluating websites……………………………………………………….7

Accuracy is the first guideline which is evaluated based on whether or not the authors are qualified for the job. The second guideline is the domain of the document which should be assessed by checking the domain that publishes the document.

The third guideline is the objectivity of the web page based on the details of the information and the author’s expressions. The currency of the web documents based on whether the links are up-to-date and on the date when it was published. The last guideline is the coverage of the web documents that is assessed based on whether the links complement the themes of the document, or not.

2.      How to list an item on eBay…………………………………………………………….7

After clicking on the eBay page, users should click the sell button at the topmost part of the page. There are however some instructions that must be fulfilled before this happens. One of this is that every member who wishes to list or trade his item on the web must be a registered member of eBay (eBay, 2010). In addition, the users should also create a seller account. EBay often advises their customers to look for similar items that they had sold on their page prior to listing new items, to enable them select the best prices, categories and understand the potential value of their items.

3.      How to sell an item on eBay……………………………………………………………7

In order to effectively ship the items to the buyers, the sellers should pack the items as safely as possible and should also ensure that the details on the shipment are also correct which should also include the return address and the users should particularly pay a critical interest in packing the slips and creating the shipment labels which consequently saves time.

Some of the best ways of making a great sell in online selling or marketing should begin by a complete and explicit definition of the items to be sold which could come together with photo captions of the items being sold.

4.      User accounts

4.1  Protection of Pay Pal accounts against scams and frauds………………………………9

The user should log in safely by logging into the proper account that is ‘www.paypal.com’. The email greeting should also be properly checked since PayPal will always address people by their first or last name and will not include salutations that are popular with scams. A PayPal account will never ask a user to download any attachment so this should be properly checked. Personal information should also not be disclosed easily via the internet

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This is an instructional guide that will be used to suggest how the various online platforms can be used to carry out an online analysis by our charity organization. Bearing in mind that a large number of the members of this organization mostly comprise of adult members, it is apparent that a majority of them are only conversant with the e-mails and are largely oblivious of other important computer tasks that are vital for online marketing. This treatise will conduct an analysis on an instructional guide that can be used to help the members of this organization to raise money by selling homemade crafts and other items online in order to increase the living standards of the local artisans and at the same time be able to raise money for charity. There are numerous sites on the web such as eBay and Etsy that can be used by the members of this organization to sell their items and at the same time be able to raise money for charity (Martin & Henry, 2013). This is nevertheless an intricate process since most of them are unaware of how items are listed so that they can be able to attract clients. This instructional guide will therefore guide the members of this organization on how to effectively list and sell their items on eBay and other similar sites on the web. In addition, this study will provide a guide on how to safeguard site accounts and PayPal accounts that are used during the transaction of money.

Etsy is also an e-commerce company that primarily deals with the supply of hand-made and vintage items. These products range from jewelry, photography, bath, art, food, clothing and beauty products. 2013 statistics indicate that there were over 30 million users and these numbers are expected to double in the next decade.

eBay is an e-commerce and a multinational company located in the United States that primarily deals with consumer sales via the internet. It is located in the state of California and was founded in 1995 by Pierre Omidyar. This is a multi-billion dollar company that is located in over thirty countries.

Listing an item online, selling an item online and safeguarding one’ online payment accounts is always a complex endeavor for many adults around the world. The study affirms that this is one of the greatest challenges being faced by this organization and therefore the first part of the instruction guide will guide the members of this company on some of the best methods of listing an item online.

The instruction guide was formed as a result of problems that were being faced by the members of the charity organization who mostly comprise of adult members. While the guide itself is not a prescription of how to conduct online marketing and charity work, it offers practicable solutions to the members of this organization on how to effectively list and sell their items online and consequently attract sales and charitable offers from the outside world.

Guidelines for assessing websites

Accuracy is the first guideline which is evaluated based on whether or not the authors are qualified for the job. The second guideline is the domain of the document which should be assessed by checking the domain that publishes the document.

The third guideline is the objectivity of the web page based on the details of the information and the author’s expressions. The currency of the web documents based on whether the links are up-to-date and on the date when it was published. The last guideline is the coverage of the web documents that is assessed based on whether the links complement the themes of the document or not.

How to list an item on eBay

EBay has always been the perfect shot for many people in their bid to make extra cash through the web and at the same time enabling them to enjoy the fruits of doing so. The following steps can go a long way in making this happen:

After clicking on the eBay page, users should click the sell button at the topmost part of the page. There are however some instructions that must be fulfilled before this happens. One of this is that every member who wishes to list or trade his item on the web must be a registered member of eBay (eBay, 2010). In addition, the users should also create a seller account. EBay often advises their customers to look for similar items that they had sold on their page prior to listing new items, to enable them select the best prices, categories and understand the potential value of their items.

How to sell items on eBay

Every user who wishes to sell his/her item on the internet and particularly through eBay should begin by setting up a seller account. In addition, the seller should create a listing of the items that he/she wishes to sell on the internet. The listing should be properly managed in accordance with the values of the items. This should beginning by selecting the items that had the highest sales previously and should be coupled with the items that have a high likelihood of being bought as donations for the needy communities. The other process requires the user to wrap up with the buyer on the items that they wish to sell. This involves sourcing for potential customers and striking deals aimed at looking for donations from suitable customers that will be used by the organization for charitable works aimed at improving the lives of the impoverished people in the society.

When creating a seller account that is easy and self explanatory in the eBay’s website, the user should confirm his number and his name to ascertain whether or not the information is correct. The user should then specify an automatic mode of payment that should be used during the reimbursements of the cast payments. The Pay Pal should also be verified to ascertain whether or not it is secure for payments and this will discussed in our subsequent analysis.

When creating a listing, the user should begin by clearly defining and describing the item in clear terms. The items should also be placed in the right category which will make it easier for the potential customers to locate the items (John, 2011). The pricing guidelines should also be properly denoted and additional tips that should be used throughout the process. The best way to make the best listing on the web is by comparing your list with the already completed listings on the site and consequently, users will be able to set the best prices and chose the best categories and formats that will capture the attention of readers and online users across the globe.

When managing a list, a user should begin by assessing whether or not anyone has bid or purchased an item by clicking on the sell section on the My eBay page. Communication with the potential buyers is an integral process since it establishes a good rapport and also increases trust between the sellers and the buyers. The sellers should therefore answer any questions from the buyers and they should also listen to their needs as and when they are raised. An efficient feedback platform will be an integral ingredient for orchestrating the sales of any item sold online and should therefore be a primary consideration for any user.

After satisfying the buyer and getting a good feedback, the seller should then wrap up the sale with the buyer as previously mentioned in the study by frequently communicating with the buyer. The seller should then ensure that the payments have been paid before delivering or shipping any item to the buyer.

In order to effectively ship the items to the buyers, the sellers should pack the items as safely as possible and should also ensure that the details on the shipment are also correct which should also include the return address and the users should particularly pay a critical interest in packing the slips and creating the shipment labels which consequently saves time.

Some of the best ways of making a great sell in online selling or marketing should begin by a complete and explicit definition of the items to be sold which could come together with photo captions of the items being sold. The prices should also be chosen with the most effective shipping option also being considered. Gregory (2010) asserted that the auction style is the most effective style to buyers and this should correctly identify the fixed price for the items.

Protection of Pay Pal accounts against scams and frauds

The user should also order the shipping option that will work best for him and after listing the items for free on the site, the user should confirm whether he/she has received the payments and this should be coupled with a positive feedback after the payment has been made. The payment should then be made to the buyer. Some of the fastest ways of getting paid as postulated by Justin (2009), should be through the shipping of labels through the site. Secondly, the collection of payments via PayPal has been proved as one of the fastest ways of delivering payments but this comes with a lot of risk. In order to protect one’s Pay Pal accounts from frauds and scams, the following procedures should be taken into consideration.  The user should log in safely by logging into the proper account that is ‘www.paypal.com’ (Martin & Henry, 2013). The email greeting should also be properly checked since PayPal will always address people by their first or last name and will not include salutations that are popular with scams. A PayPal account will never ask a user to download any attachment so this should be properly checked. Personal information should also not be disclosed easily via the internet and users should be careful to ascertain whether or not the information being required comes from a legit account.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

eBay. (2010). Retrieved from http://pages.ebay.com/help/sell/questions/list-item.html

Gregory, A. (2010). 7 Tips for Writing an Effective Instruction Manual. Retrieved from    http://www.sitepoint.com/7-tips-for-writing-an-effective-instruction-manual/

John, M. (2011). eBay the perfect guide for online marketing. International Journal of Information Technology 4, 427-431.

Justin, R. L. (2009). Online listing and selling. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Martin, B. D., & Henry, P. M. (2013). Online marketing. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

 

  

 

 

 

 

Instructional Guide

Name

Institutional Affiliation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Instructional Guide on how to list and sell items online

Outline

1.      Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3

2.      How to list an item on eBay…………………………………………………………….4

3.      How to sell an item on eBay……………………………………………………………4

4.      Protection of Pay Pal accounts against scams and frauds………………………………6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This is an instructional guide that will be used to suggest how the various online platforms can be used to carry out an online analysis by our charity organization. Bearing in mind that a large number of the members of this organization mostly comprise of adult members, it is apparent that a majority of them are only conversant with the e-mails and are largely oblivious of other important computer tasks that are vital for online marketing. This treatise will conduct an analysis on an instructional guide that can be used to help the members of this organization to raise money by selling homemade crafts and other items online in order to increase the living standards of the local artisans and at the same time be able to raise money for charity. There are numerous sites on the web such as eBay and Etsy that can be used by the members of this organization to sell their items and at the same time be able to raise money for charity (Martin & Henry, 2013). This is nevertheless an intricate process since most of them are unaware of how items are listed so that they can be able to attract clients. This instructional guide will therefore guide the members of this organization on how to effectively list and sell their items on eBay and other similar sites on the web. In addition, this study will provide a guide on how to safeguard site accounts and PayPal accounts that are used during the transaction of money.

Listing an item online, selling an item online and safeguarding one’ online payment accounts is always a complex endeavor for many adults around the world. The study affirms that this is one of the greatest challenges being faced by this organization and therefore the first part of the instruction guide will guide the members of this company on some of the best methods of listing an item online.

The instruction guide was formed as a result of problems that were being faced by the members of the charity organization who mostly comprise of adult members. While the guide itself is not a prescription of how to conduct online marketing and charity work, it offers practicable solutions to the members of this organization on how to effectively list and sell their items online and consequently attract sales and charitable offers from the outside world.

How to list an item on eBay

EBay has always been the perfect shot for many people in their bid to make extra cash through the web and at the same time enabling them to enjoy the fruits of doing so. The following steps can go a long way in making this happen:

After clicking on the eBay page, users should click the sell button at the topmost part of the page. There are however some instructions that must be fulfilled before this happens. One of this is that every member who wishes to list or trade his item on the web must be a registered member of eBay (eBay, 2010). In addition, the users should also create a seller account. EBay often advises their customers to look for similar items that they had sold on their page prior to listing new items, to enable them select the best prices, categories and understand the potential value of their items.

How to sell items on eBay

Every user who wishes to sell his/her item on the internet and particularly through eBay should begin by setting up a seller account. In addition, the seller should create a listing of the items that he/she wishes to sell on the internet. The listing should be properly managed in accordance with the values of the items. This should beginning by selecting the items that had the highest sales previously and should be coupled with the items that have a high likelihood of being bought as donations for the needy communities. The other process requires the user to wrap up with the buyer on the items that they wish to sell. This involves sourcing for potential customers and striking deals aimed at looking for donations from suitable customers that will be used by the organization for charitable works aimed at improving the lives of the impoverished people in the society.

When creating a seller account that is easy and self explanatory in the eBay’s website, the user should confirm his number and his name to ascertain whether or not the information is correct. The user should then specify an automatic mode of payment that should be used during the reimbursements of the cast payments. The Pay Pal should also be verified to ascertain whether or not it is secure for payments and this will discussed in our subsequent analysis.

When creating a listing, the user should begin by clearly defining and describing the item in clear terms. The items should also be placed in the right category which will make it easier for the potential customers to locate the items (John, 2011). The pricing guidelines should also be properly denoted and additional tips that should be used throughout the process. The best way to make the best listing on the web is by comparing your list with the already completed listings on the site and consequently, users will be able to set the best prices and chose the best categories and formats that will capture the attention of readers and online users across the globe.

When managing a list, a user should begin by assessing whether or not anyone has bid or purchased an item by clicking on the sell section on the My eBay page. Communication with the potential buyers is an integral process since it establishes a good rapport and also increases trust between the sellers and the buyers. The sellers should therefore answer any questions from the buyers and they should also listen to their needs as and when they are raised. An efficient feedback platform will be an integral ingredient for orchestrating the sales of any item sold online and should therefore be a primary consideration for any user.

After satisfying the buyer and getting a good feedback, the seller should then wrap up the sale with the buyer as previously mentioned in the study by frequently communicating with the buyer. The seller should then ensure that the payments have been paid before delivering or shipping any item to the buyer.

In order to effectively ship the items to the buyers, the sellers should pack the items as safely as possible and should also ensure that the details on the shipment are also correct which should also include the return address and the users should particularly pay a critical interest in packing the slips and creating the shipment labels which consequently saves time.

Some of the best ways of making a great sell in online selling or marketing should begin by a complete and explicit definition of the items to be sold which could come together with photo captions of the items being sold. The prices should also be chosen with the most effective shipping option also being considered. Gregory (2010) asserted that the auction style is the most effective style to buyers and this should correctly identify the fixed price for the items.

Protection of Pay Pal accounts against scams and frauds

The user should also order the shipping option that will work best for him and after listing the items for free on the site, the user should confirm whether he/she has received the payments and this should be coupled with a positive feedback after the payment has been made. The payment should then be made to the buyer. Some of the fastest ways of getting paid as postulated by Justin (2009), should be through the shipping of labels through the site. Secondly, the collection of payments via PayPal has been proved as one of the fastest ways of delivering payments but this comes with a lot of risk. In order to protect one’s Pay Pal accounts from frauds and scams, the following procedures should be taken into consideration.  The user should log in safely by logging into the proper account that is ‘www.paypal.com’ (Martin & Henry, 2013). The email greeting should also be properly checked since PayPal will always address people by their first or last name and will not include salutations that are popular with scams. A PayPal account will never ask a user to download any attachment so this should be properly checked. Personal information should also not be disclosed easily via the internet and users should be careful to ascertain whether or not the information being required comes from a legit account.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

eBay. (2010). Retrieved from http://pages.ebay.com/help/sell/questions/list-item.html

Gregory, A. (2010). 7 Tips for Writing an Effective Instruction Manual. Retrieved from    http://www.sitepoint.com/7-tips-for-writing-an-effective-instruction-manual/

John, M. (2011). eBay the perfect guide for online marketing. International Journal of Information Technology 4, 427-431.

Justin, R. L. (2009). Online listing and selling. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Martin, B. D., & Henry, P. M. (2013). Online marketing. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

  

 

 

 

 

Instructional Guide

Name

Institutional Affiliation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Instructional Guide on how to list and sell items online

Outline

1.      Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3

2.      How to list an item on eBay…………………………………………………………….4

3.      How to sell an item on eBay……………………………………………………………4

4.      Protection of Pay Pal accounts against scams and frauds………………………………6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This is an instructional guide that will be used to suggest how the various online platforms can be used to carry out an online analysis by our charity organization. Bearing in mind that a large number of the members of this organization mostly comprise of adult members, it is apparent that a majority of them are only conversant with the e-mails and are largely oblivious of other important computer tasks that are vital for online marketing. This treatise will conduct an analysis on an instructional guide that can be used to help the members of this organization to raise money by selling homemade crafts and other items online in order to increase the living standards of the local artisans and at the same time be able to raise money for charity. There are numerous sites on the web such as eBay and Etsy that can be used by the members of this organization to sell their items and at the same time be able to raise money for charity (Martin & Henry, 2013). This is nevertheless an intricate process since most of them are unaware of how items are listed so that they can be able to attract clients. This instructional guide will therefore guide the members of this organization on how to effectively list and sell their items on eBay and other similar sites on the web. In addition, this study will provide a guide on how to safeguard site accounts and PayPal accounts that are used during the transaction of money.

Listing an item online, selling an item online and safeguarding one’ online payment accounts is always a complex endeavor for many adults around the world. The study affirms that this is one of the greatest challenges being faced by this organization and therefore the first part of the instruction guide will guide the members of this company on some of the best methods of listing an item online.

The instruction guide was formed as a result of problems that were being faced by the members of the charity organization who mostly comprise of adult members. While the guide itself is not a prescription of how to conduct online marketing and charity work, it offers practicable solutions to the members of this organization on how to effectively list and sell their items online and consequently attract sales and charitable offers from the outside world.

How to list an item on eBay

EBay has always been the perfect shot for many people in their bid to make extra cash through the web and at the same time enabling them to enjoy the fruits of doing so. The following steps can go a long way in making this happen:

After clicking on the eBay page, users should click the sell button at the topmost part of the page. There are however some instructions that must be fulfilled before this happens. One of this is that every member who wishes to list or trade his item on the web must be a registered member of eBay (eBay, 2010). In addition, the users should also create a seller account. EBay often advises their customers to look for similar items that they had sold on their page prior to listing new items, to enable them select the best prices, categories and understand the potential value of their items.

How to sell items on eBay

Every user who wishes to sell his/her item on the internet and particularly through eBay should begin by setting up a seller account. In addition, the seller should create a listing of the items that he/she wishes to sell on the internet. The listing should be properly managed in accordance with the values of the items. This should beginning by selecting the items that had the highest sales previously and should be coupled with the items that have a high likelihood of being bought as donations for the needy communities. The other process requires the user to wrap up with the buyer on the items that they wish to sell. This involves sourcing for potential customers and striking deals aimed at looking for donations from suitable customers that will be used by the organization for charitable works aimed at improving the lives of the impoverished people in the society.

When creating a seller account that is easy and self explanatory in the eBay’s website, the user should confirm his number and his name to ascertain whether or not the information is correct. The user should then specify an automatic mode of payment that should be used during the reimbursements of the cast payments. The Pay Pal should also be verified to ascertain whether or not it is secure for payments and this will discussed in our subsequent analysis.

When creating a listing, the user should begin by clearly defining and describing the item in clear terms. The items should also be placed in the right category which will make it easier for the potential customers to locate the items (John, 2011). The pricing guidelines should also be properly denoted and additional tips that should be used throughout the process. The best way to make the best listing on the web is by comparing your list with the already completed listings on the site and consequently, users will be able to set the best prices and chose the best categories and formats that will capture the attention of readers and online users across the globe.

When managing a list, a user should begin by assessing whether or not anyone has bid or purchased an item by clicking on the sell section on the My eBay page. Communication with the potential buyers is an integral process since it establishes a good rapport and also increases trust between the sellers and the buyers. The sellers should therefore answer any questions from the buyers and they should also listen to their needs as and when they are raised. An efficient feedback platform will be an integral ingredient for orchestrating the sales of any item sold online and should therefore be a primary consideration for any user.

After satisfying the buyer and getting a good feedback, the seller should then wrap up the sale with the buyer as previously mentioned in the study by frequently communicating with the buyer. The seller should then ensure that the payments have been paid before delivering or shipping any item to the buyer.

In order to effectively ship the items to the buyers, the sellers should pack the items as safely as possible and should also ensure that the details on the shipment are also correct which should also include the return address and the users should particularly pay a critical interest in packing the slips and creating the shipment labels which consequently saves time.

Some of the best ways of making a great sell in online selling or marketing should begin by a complete and explicit definition of the items to be sold which could come together with photo captions of the items being sold. The prices should also be chosen with the most effective shipping option also being considered. Gregory (2010) asserted that the auction style is the most effective style to buyers and this should correctly identify the fixed price for the items.

Protection of Pay Pal accounts against scams and frauds

The user should also order the shipping option that will work best for him and after listing the items for free on the site, the user should confirm whether he/she has received the payments and this should be coupled with a positive feedback after the payment has been made. The payment should then be made to the buyer. Some of the fastest ways of getting paid as postulated by Justin (2009), should be through the shipping of labels through the site. Secondly, the collection of payments via PayPal has been proved as one of the fastest ways of delivering payments but this comes with a lot of risk. In order to protect one’s Pay Pal accounts from frauds and scams, the following procedures should be taken into consideration.  The user should log in safely by logging into the proper account that is ‘www.paypal.com’ (Martin & Henry, 2013). The email greeting should also be properly checked since PayPal will always address people by their first or last name and will not include salutations that are popular with scams. A PayPal account will never ask a user to download any attachment so this should be properly checked. Personal information should also not be disclosed easily via the internet and users should be careful to ascertain whether or not the information being required comes from a legit account.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

eBay. (2010). Retrieved from http://pages.ebay.com/help/sell/questions/list-item.html

Gregory, A. (2010). 7 Tips for Writing an Effective Instruction Manual. Retrieved from    http://www.sitepoint.com/7-tips-for-writing-an-effective-instruction-manual/

John, M. (2011). eBay the perfect guide for online marketing. International Journal of Information Technology 4, 427-431.

Justin, R. L. (2009). Online listing and selling. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Martin, B. D., & Henry, P. M. (2013). Online marketing. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

 There is an increasing need for online marketing. This has been triggered on part by the advent in technology and the increased use of social sites. It is evident that majority of the people in your charity organization who mainly comprise of adults cannot sell their items online and this study was formed as part of this indispensable need. Statistics have also revealed that most of the people are now shopping for their goods via the internet. This study was therefore formed to fulfill the needs of the audience by explicating to them how online listing and selling is carried out.There is an increasing need for online marketing. This has been triggered on part by the advent in technology and the increased use of social sites. It is evident that majority of the people in your charity organization who mainly comprise of adults cannot sell their items online and this study was formed as part of this indispensable need. Statistics have also revealed that most of the people are now shopping for their goods via the internet. This study was therefore formed to fulfill the needs of the audience by explicating to them how online listing and selling is carried out.

 

The mainpurpose of the study mainly emanates out of the increased need for online marketing. The instructional guide will also enable the members of your organization to make more online sales. In addition, an exposure the popular online marketing will also enable members of your organization to collect more money for charity. An increase in sales coupled with the increase in charity donations will increase the capacity of your organization to help the impoverished communities.The role of ethics in any business is indispensable and it was therefore critical in this organization. The members were expected to exhibit high levels of trust and honesty during the creation of accounts. Transparency was also indispensable during the transactions as it is the fundamental basis of trust between the sellers and the buyers. There was also an on-time delivery of products which consequently improved loyalty among customers. There was also an immediate feedback from the members regarding prices and sales and the subsequent guidelines and practices were based on trust.The justification behind the writing decisions was based on the fact that this instructional guidelines enabled many adults to list their items online. Most members in your organization can now make sales via the internet. The interaction between members of your organization and the customers has also been enhanced through the use of the internet. The instructional guide will also enable most members to secure their payment accounts. The logic that was applied during the compiling of resources was mainly through the use of online marketing sites. eBay a king in online marketing, particularly formed the basis of this study since the illustrations found in their website were vital as they explicitly defined how items are listed and sold via the internet. The study found its imperative to use recent publications as they properly explained the basics to your members.    In conclusion, the study has affirmed that many people are now venturing into online marketing. Internet selling is on the rise and with the increased interaction between your members and the customers via the internet, donations will continue to stream in and consequently the time consumed when sourcing for consumers will be reduced.