Determine whether this is an inductive generalization, or an analogical argument. Identify the sample and target, if this is a generalization, or the analogues, if this is an analogical argument.

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2. Determine whether this is an inductive generalization, or an analogical argument. Identify the sample and target, if this is a generalization, or the analogues, if this is an analogical argument. Identify the property in question, and discuss which, if any, fallacy exists in the passage:
Remark made while driving on the Pennsylvania Turnpike: “We’ve seen nine cars with license plates from west of the Mississippi today, and six of them have been from Texas. Texans must travel more than other people.”

3. Six months ago, several of Molly’s friends joined the Trimtime Fitness Center. Each of them participated in Trimtime’s weight-reduction and fitness regimen. All reported substantial weight reduction, and all are visibly slimmer. Molly is convinced. She joins Trimtime and enrolls in the same program, hoping and expecting to see the same results. She is especially delighted to learn that Trimtime had adjusted its program to make it even more effective in a shorter period of time. Discuss whether this is an analogical argument or an inductive generalization, and discuss the strength or weakness of the argument, using the appropriate terminology from chapter 10.

 

 4.What is the definition of a “randomly chosen sample” (according to the definition discussed in your text), and what is the goal of randomly choosing a sample?

5.  Explain the relationship between error margin and sample size (assuming the confidence level remains the same), why the concept of error margin is necessary in an inductive argument, and how error margin is applied to the target population. You may want to use an example to help explain your answer.

6.      Dad is making a “Hunter’s Stew”. The stew includes chunks of beef, potato, carrot and barley in a thick broth full of many hearty spices. As the stew is simmering in a pot on the stove, Son walks into the kitchen and says, “Let’s see if this stew tastes any good!” Son gets a big spoon and begins to dip his spoon into the top of the pot. Before Son has a chance to get the spoonful of stew, Dad yells, “Mix the stew up before you taste it!” For this passage, name the intended sample, the intended target, the property in question, and explain why Son should stir the stew before he tastes it.

7. When Haley’s Comet hovered over Jerusalem in 66 CE, the historian Josephus prophesied it meant the destruction of the city. Jerusalem fell four years later during a failed uprising against Roman occupiers, thus confirming the power of the comet. Is this argument subject to any causal fallacies discussed in the PowerPoint presentation for chapter 11? Explain your answer.

8. Determine whether the following statement is an example of Method of Difference Reasoning or Method of Agreement Reasoning (and briefly explain your answer). Fund-raising director for a public radio station: “I know that our music director hates it when we play classical music. But go back and look at our most successful fund drives; every big day has been a day heavily loaded with classical music.

9. Determine whether the following statement is an example of Method of Difference Reasoning or Method of Agreement Reasoning (and briefly explain your answer). “I had a lot of noise on my car stereo when the engine was running, until I thought maybe that the way to fix the problem is to install a 4MH choke coil in the hot wire from the battery to the stereo. I did it, and it cured the problem.”

10.   Determine whether the following statement is an example of Method of Difference Reasoning or Method of Agreement Reasoning (and briefly explain your answer). Sharon has observed that her teacher sometimes seems to be in a bad mood. “Well,” she thinks, “it seems to happen when people haven’t done their assignments. That must be it.”

11.   Jack hears on the evening news that several scientific studies have demonstrated that taking acetaminophen causes liver damage. Jack immediately runs to his medicine cabinet and throws away all his painkillers that contain acetaminophen, and he recommends to his friends and family that they do the same. Jack now believes that acetaminophen will cause liver damage in him and his loved ones. Discuss whether Jack’s reaction is justified (is Jack correctly interpreting the claim that “acetaminophen causes liver damage?”). Be sure to use the concepts in chapter 11 to help explain your answer. You should discuss the nature of general causal claims.

12. Determine whether this is an inductive generalization, or an analogical argument. Identify the sample and target, if this is a generalization, or the analogues, if this is an analogical argument. Identify the property in question, and discuss which, if any, fallacy exists in the passage:
Remark made while driving on the Pennsylvania Turnpike: “We’ve seen nine cars with license plates from west of the Mississippi today, and six of them have been from Texas. Texans must travel more than other people.”

13. Six months ago, several of Molly’s friends joined the Trimtime Fitness Center. Each of them participated in Trimtime’s weight-reduction and fitness regimen. All reported substantial weight reduction, and all are visibly slimmer. Molly is convinced. She joins Trimtime and enrolls in the same program, hoping and expecting to see the same results. She is especially delighted to learn that Trimtime had adjusted its program to make it even more effective in a shorter period of time. Discuss whether this is an analogical argument or an inductive generalization, and discuss the strength or weakness of the argument, using the appropriate terminology from chapter 10.

 

    16.As Bob is driving on an exit off the freeway, he comes to a stop light and sees a homeless man asking people for spare change. “See, he’s a perfect example of why we shouldn’t be giving welfare benefits to the homeless,” Bob mutters to his wife. “He’s too lazy to get a job, but he’s healthy enough to beg people for their hard-earned money all day long.” What are the sample and the target in Bob’s argument? Are there any inductive fallacies present in Bob’s reasoning? If so, explain why. If not, explain why not.

24. Bill: “If you don’t believe in God, you’re much more likely to commit suicide. You can tell that by looking at places like Sweden and Norway where there’s a higher percentage of atheists than the norm and their per capita suicide rate is higher, too. ”

What causal fallacy from among the following choices is Bill making (reverse causation, ignoring an underlying cause, post hoc ergo propter hoc, cum hoc ergo propter hoc, ignoring statistical regression)? Discuss your answer.

25.Six months ago, several of Molly’s friends joined the Trimtime Fitness Center. Each of them participated in Trimtime’s weight-reduction and fitness regimen. All reported substantial weight reduction, and all are visibly slimmer. Molly is convinced. She joins Trimtime and enrolls in the same program, hoping and expecting to see the same results. She is especially delighted to learn that Trimtime had adjusted its program to make it even more effective in a shorter period of time. Discuss whether this is an analogical argument or an inductive generalization, and discuss the strength or weakness of the argument, using the appropriate terminology from chapter 10

Case Study # 4 – Assisted Reproduction:

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Case Study # 4 – Assisted Reproduction:

 

This is a difficult subject because it involves reproductive issues. In our culture, reproductive liberty, the freedom to decide when and where to conceive a child is highly protected, and this can make these cases much more difficult.

 

Case 1:
There are two types of surrogacy. One type involves a surrogate mother who uses her own egg and carries the baby for someone else. The other type is a “gestational surrogacy” in which the mother has no genetic tie to the child she carries. In the case presented, a gestational surrogate is used.

 

A woman, after a bout with uterine cancer had a hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus). Before, its removal, however, she had several eggs removed for possible fertilization in the future. Now married, the woman wishes to have a child with her husband. Obviously she cannot bear the child herself, so the couple utilizes a company to find a surrogate mother for them. The husband’s sperm is used to fertilize one of the wife’s eggs, and is implanted in the surrogate mother. The couple pays all of the woman’s pregnancy-related expenses and an extra $18,000 as compensation for her surrogacy. After all expenses are taken into account the couple pays the woman approximately $31,000 and the agency approximately $5,000. Though the surrogate passed stringent mental testing to ensure she was competent to carry another couple’s child, after carrying the pregnancy to term, the surrogate says that she has become too attached to “her” child to give it up to the couple. A legal battle ensues.

 

Questions for Case 1:

 

  • In the United States it is illegal to pay a person for non-replenishable organs. The fear is that money will influence the poor to harm their bodies for the benefit of the rich. Do you see a parallel between this case and this law? Can allowing surrogate mothers to be paid for their troubles allow poorer women to be oppressed?
  • Does paying the surrogate harm her and/or the child’s dignity?
  • Is it selfish/conceited for this couple to want children of their own genetic make-up? If yes, does this change if you can “easily” have a child? (Note: Over 100,000 children in the U.S. are waiting to be adopted. However, most are older, have several siblings, or have special needs.)
  • On their website, the AMA says “that surrogacy contracts [when the surrogate uses her own egg], while permissible, should grant the birth mother the right to void the contract within a reasonable period of time after the birth of the child. If the contract is voided, custody of the child should be determined according to the child’s best interests.” Do you see any problems with this? (What’s a reasonable time? In a way can you steal the surrogate’s child?)
  • One of the main arguments against the use of surrogate mothers is that carrying and giving birth to a child is such an emotional event that it is impossible to determine if the surrogate will be able to give up the child. Though adults enter into the contract, the child could ultimately suffer if a long custody battle ensues (as it could in states where surrogacy contracts hold no legal value, such as Virginia). With the possibility of such battles, do you think it is acceptable for parents to use a surrogate mother?
  • Do you think that if the surrogate is awarded the baby, this could cause emotional harm to the child?
  • Who do you think should receive the child, and why?

 

Case 2:

 

A married couple wishes to have a child; however, the 32 year old mother knows that she is a carrier for Huntington’s disease (HD). HD is a genetic disorder that begins showing signs at anywhere from 35-45 years of age. Its symptoms begin with slow loss of muscle control and end in loss of speech, large muscle spasms, disorientation and emotional outbursts. After 15-20 years of symptoms HD ends in death. HD is a dominant disorder which means that her child will have a 50% chance of contracting the disorder. Feeling that risking their baby’s health would be irresponsible, the couple decides to use in vitro fertilization to fertilize several of the wife’s eggs. Several eggs are harvested, and using special technology, only eggs that do not have the defective gene are kept to be fertilized. The physician then fertilizes a single egg, and transfers the embryo to the mother. Approximately 9 months later, the couple gives birth to a boy who does not carry the gene for the disorder.

 

  • Is this a case of eugenics? “Eugenics” is defined as “the hereditary improvement of the human race controlled by selective breeding” (dictionary.com)
  • Would it be acceptable for the parents to select for sex as well, or should they only select an embryo that does not have HD? How would this be different?
  • Is it ethical for this couple to have a baby when the mother could begin showings signs of HD when the baby is just a few years old?
  • With this technology possible, would it be ethical for this couple to have a child without genetically ensuring it would not have the disease? What if we did not have this technology, would it be ethical for a known carrier to have a child? (If not, how far should this carry? a carrier for cystic fibrosis ( which is recessive)? )
  • Weighing everything we have discussed, do you believe the couple acted ethically?

Identify a test category that is relevant to your academic and professional career goals.

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  • Identify a test category that is relevant to your academic and professional career goals. The List of Tests by Type document identifies the 10 categories you may choose from. They include (1) intelligence/cognitive abilities, (2) achievement/aptitude, (3) personality, (4) behavior, (5) adaptive behavior, (6) neuropsychological, (7) career/business/organization, (8) autism, (9) depression, and (10) preschool.
  • Select three tests from a single category using the List of Tests by Type document. Note: If you have an interest in a particular test that is not on this list, then you may, as an option, submit a request to your instructor to include it in your first assignment with two other tests on the list in the same category. Your instructor will review it and determine if you may proceed with including that test in your assignment or recommend that you select three tests from the list.)
  • Compare and contrast these three tests according to the Code’s first four elements.
    • Access the Capella library and conduct a search. Use the Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY) database from Buros to locate and read a review for each test. Mental Measurements Yearbook is located on the Capella Library’s Database A–Z page.
    • Visit the publishers’ Web site for each test to obtain additional information.
    • Return to the Capella library to choose a database, for example, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, ERIC (education research). Search for journal articles that are relevant to the four elements and each test. (See the PSY7610 Library Search Guide, linked in the Resources, for search advice. An optional worksheet is also provided to you in the resources to facilitate your research and literature review.)

Organize your paper using the following headings (please use these headings):

  • Title page (required).
  • Abstract (optional).
  • Introduction.
    • Identify your particular area of specialization and career goals, and the three tests you will research and review.
  • Element 1. “Define the purpose for testing, the content and skills to be tested, and the intended test takers” (Code, 2004, p. 5, See #1). Describe your findings for all three tests citing references. Use this section to introduce each test and report on each of the three elements: purpose, content and skills, and intended test takers.
  • Element 2. Describe “the appropriateness of test content, skills tested, and content coverage for the intended purpose of testing” (Code, 2004, p. 5, See #2). Describe your findings for each test citing references. Use this section to report on unique comments or research that evaluate any aspects of the appropriateness of each test. There may be a wide range of facets considering appropriateness that may be unique to each particular test under consideration.
  • Element 3. Describe “materials provided by test developers and select tests for which clear, accurate, and complete information is provided” (Code, 2004, p. 5. See #3). Describe your findings for each test, citing references. Use this section to describe either reviews or your evaluation of the materials described in the sources you locate for each test under consideration.
  • Element 4. “Select tests through a process that includes persons with appropriate knowledge, skills, and training” (Code, 2004, p. 5. See #4). Include specific publisher information about test-user qualification (for example, Level A, B, or C; or other classification). Describe your findings for each test, citing references.
  • Compare and contrast.
    • Compare and contrast the three tests based on these four elements (that is, 1–4).
    • Decide which test will be the focus of your course project, based on your evaluation of the three tests. Explain your choice. All future assignments will be focused only on this one test that you determine here.
  • References (required, use current APA format and style).

You may use the Optional Research Worksheet given in the resources to complete this assignment.

Additional Requirements

Your paper should meet the following requirements:

  • References: A minimum of nine references are required for this assignment. These resources may include all of the reference sources identified in your Psychological Testing and Assessment text (pages 33–36), but must include:
    • Three Mental Measurements Yearbook test reviews from Buros (one for each test).
    • Three test publisher Web sites (one for each test).
    • Three journal articles (one for each test).
  • Length of paper: A minimum of five pages of content, not including the title page or references (an abstract is not required).
  • APA format: Current APA format and style is required throughout. Be sure to use correct format and style for each respective type of reference, for example, Web site versus journal).

Finding Proportions

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Finding Proportions

5.11 Scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) approximate a normal curve with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. What proportion of IQ scores are

(a) above Kristen’s 125?

(b) below 82?

(c) within 9 points of the mean? (

d) more than 40 points from the mean?

Finding Scores

5.13 IQ scores on the WAIS test approximate a normal curve with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. What IQ score is identified with

(a) the upper 2 percent, that is, 2 percent to the right (and 98 percent to the left)?

(b) the lower 10 percent?

(c) the upper 60 percent?

(d) the middle 95 percent? [Remember, the middle 95 percent straddles the line perpendicular to the mean (or the 50th percentile), with half of 95 percent, or 47.5 percent, above this line and the remaining 47.5 percent below this line.]

(e) the middle 99 percent?

Finding Proportions and Scores

IMPORTANT NOTE : When doing Questions 5. 15 and 5.16, remember to decide first whether a proportion or a score is to be found.

*5. 15 An investigator polls common cold sufferers, asking them to estimate the number of hours of physical discomfort caused by their most recent colds. Assume that their estimates approximate a normal curve with a mean of 83 hours and a standard deviation of 20 hours.

(a) What is the estimated number of hours for the shortest suffering 5 percent?

(b) What proportion of sufferers estimate that their colds lasted longer than 48 hours?

(c) What proportion suffered for fewer than 61 hours?

(d) What is the estimated number of hours suffered by the extreme 1 percent either above or below the mean?

(e) What proportion suffered for between 1 and 3 days, that is, between 24 and 72 hours?

(f) What is the estimated number of hours suffered by the middle 95 percent? [See the comment about “middle 95 percent” in Question 5.13(d) .]

(g) What proportion suffered for between 2 and 4 days?

(h) A medical researcher wishes to concentrate on the 20 percent who suffered the most. She will work only with those who estimate that they suffered for more than hours.

(i) Another researcher wishes to compare those who suffered least with those who suffered most. If each group is to consist of only the extreme 3 percent, the mild group will consist of those who suffered for fewer than hours, and the severe group will consist of those who suffered for more than hours.

(j) Another survey found that people with colds who took daily doses of vitamin C suffered, on the average, for 61 hours. What proportion of the original survey (with a mean of 83 hours and a standard deviation of 20 hours) suffered for more than 61 hours?

(k) What proportion of the original survey suffered for exactly 61 hours? (Be careful!)

*5.18 The body mass index (BMI) measures body size in people by dividing weight (in pounds) by the square of height (in inches) and then multiplying by a factor of 703. A BMI less than 18.5 is defined as underweight; between 18.5 to 24.9 is normal; between 25 and 29.9 is overweight; and 30 or more is obese. It is well-established that Americans have become heavier during the last half century. Assume that the positively skewed distribution of BMIs for adult American males has a mean of 28 with a standard deviation of 4.

(a) Would the median BMI score exceed, equal, or be exceeded by the mean BMI score of 28?

(b) What z score defines overweight?

(c) What z score defines obese?

REVIEW QUESTIONS

8.10 Television stations sometimes solicit feedback volunteered by viewers about a televised event. Following a televised debate between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney in the 2012 U.S. presidential election campaign, a TV station conducted a telephone poll to determine the “winner.” Callers were given two phone numbers, one for Obama and the other for Romney, to register their opinions automatically.

(a) Comment on whether or not this was a random sample.

(b) How might this poll have been improved?

*8.14 The probability of a boy being born equals .50, or 1 / 2 , as does the probability of a girl being born. For a randomly selected family with two children, what’s the probability of

(a) two boys, that is, a boy and a boy? (Reminder: Before using either the addition or multiplication rule, satisfy yourself that the various events are either mutually exclusive or independent, respectively.)

(b) two girls?

(c) either two boys or two girls?

POPULATIONS, SAMPLES, AND PROBABILITY

8.16 A traditional test for extra-sensory perception (ESP) involves a set of playing cards, each of which shows a different symbol (circle, square, cross, star, or wavy lines). If C represents a correct guess and I an incorrect guess, what is the probability of

(a) C?

(b) CI (in that order) for two guesses?

(c) CCC for three guesses?

(d) III for three guesses?

8.19 A sensor is used to monitor the performance of a nuclear reactor. The sensor accurately reflects the state of the reactor with a probability of .97. But with a probability of .02, it gives a false alarm (by reporting excessive radiation even though the reactor is performing normally), and with a probability of .01, it misses excessive radiation (by failing to report excessive radiation even though the reactor is performing abnormally).

(a) What is the probability that a sensor will give an incorrect report, that is, either a false alarm or a miss?

(b) To reduce costly shutdowns caused by false alarms, management introduces a second completely independent sensor, and the reactor is shut down only when both sensors report excessive radiation. (According to this perspective, solitary reports of excessive radiation should be viewed as false alarms and ignored, since both sensors provide accurate information much of the time.) What is the new probability that the reactor will be shut down because of simultaneous false alarms by both the first and second sensors?

(c) Being more concerned about failures to detect excessive radiation, someone who lives near the nuclear reactor proposes an entirely different strategy: Shut down the reactor whenever either sensor reports excessive radiation. (According to this point of view, even a solitary report of excessive radiation should trigger a shutdown, since a failure to detect excessive radiation is potentially catastrophic.) If this policy were adopted, what is the new probability that excessive radiation will be missed simultaneously by both the first and second sensors?

*8.21 Assume that the probability of breast cancer equals .01 for women in the 50–59 age group. Furthermore, if a woman does have breast cancer, the probability of a true positive mammogram (correct detection of breast cancer) equals .80 and the probability of a false negative mammogram (a miss) equals .20. On the other hand, if a woman does not have breast cancer, the probability of a true negative mammogram (correct nondetection) equals .90 and the probability of a false positive mammogram (a false alarm) equals .10. (Hint: Use a frequency analysis to answer questions. To facilitate checking your answers with those in the book, begin with a total of 1,000 women, then branch into the number of women who do or do not have breast cancer, and finally, under each of these numbers, branch into the number of women with positive and negative mammograms.)

(a) What is the probability that a randomly selected woman will have a positive mammogram?

(b) What is the probability of having breast cancer, given a positive mammogram?

(c) What is the probability of not having breast cancer, given a negative mammogram?

Who studied color vision and what is now known as the action potentials of neurons?

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1.  Who studied color vision and what is now known as the action potentials of neurons?
 
Charles Darwin
Francis Bacon
René Descartes
Hermann von Helmholtz
2.  The _____ approach to psychology emphasized the study of mental processes and focused on inner sensations, feelings, and thoughts.
 
structuralism
introspection
psychoanalysis
functionalism
3.  Who studied perception and cognition in children?
 
George Miller
Jean Piaget
Carl Rogers
B. F. Skinner
4.  What subfield of psychology examines the power of the social environment?
 
Gestalt psychology
Structuralism
Humanism
Social psychology
5.  Who developed the hierarchy of needs?
 
Sigmund Freud
Charles Darwin
Abraham Maslow
Jean Piaget
6.  Psychology has been an academic discipline for:
 
less than 100 years.
less than 300 years.
more than 300 years.
less than 200 years
7.  Who was the father of empiricism?
 
René Descartes
Francis Bacon
Charles Darwin
John Locke
8.  Who taught the first course in scientific psychology?
 
Wilhelm Wundt
Edward Titchener
Hermann Ebbinghaus
John Locke
9.  Who was the leader in functionalism?
 
Wilhelm Wundt
Hermann Ebbinghaus
William James
Edward Titchener
10.  _____ was the first women to get a doctorate degree in psychology and studied animal behavior.
 
Mary Washburn
Margaret Floy Washburn
Ingrid Thorndike
Mary Whiton Calkins
11.  What subfield of psychology emphasizes the positive potential of humans?
 
Structuralism
Humanism
Gestalt psychology
Social psychology
12.  _____ was a Greek philosopher, who was a nativist, believing aspects of a person’s character and intelligence were innate and present at birth.
 
René Descartes
Plato
Aristotle
Francis Bacon
13.  _____ was a Greek philosopher who was an empiricist, believing that everything a person knows comes from experiences and environment.
 
René Descartes
Aristotle
Plato
Francis Bacon
14.  _____ argued that the mind was a blank slate, or tabula rasa.
 
John Locke
René Descartes
Charles Darwin
Francis Bacon
15.  The _____ approach to psychology emphasized the purpose of each type of behavior, with a focus on the adaptive functions that the behavior played in helping our ancestors survive.
 
structuralism
psychoanalysis
functionalism
introspection
16.  _____ was denied her doctorate degree in psychology from Harvard.
 
Mary Washburn
Mary Whiton Calkins
Ingrid Thorndike
Margaret Floy Washburn
17.  What did Ivan Pavlov study?
 
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
the Pavlovian box
the law of effect
18.  _____ was a researcher who proclaimed that the behavioral findings of animal research could be applied to humans and did so with “Little Albert.”
 
John Watson
B. F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Thorndike
19.  _____ was the researcher who discovered the “magical number 7.”
 
Carl Rogers
B. F. Skinner
Jean Piaget
George Miller
20.  What subfield of psychology examines the adaptive significance of behavior and views natural selection as needed to promote survival?
 
Structuralism
Gestalt psychology
Social psychology
Evolutionary psychology
1.  The four major research perspectives in psychology are:
 
biological, cognitive, behavioral, and sociocultural.
genetic, environmental, humanistic, and psychodynamic.
qualitative, quantitative, descriptive, and case study.
clinical, counseling, consulting, and educational.
2.  With respect to the four major perspectives reviewed in the textbook, internal influences on behavior are to external influences on behavior as the _____ perspective is to the _____ perspective.
 
sociocultural; cognitive
behavioral; sociocultural
biological; cognitive
biological; behavioral
3.  One who believes that environmental events condition observable conduct is taking the _____ perspective.
 
behavioral
biological
cognitive
sociocultural
4.  Which sampling procedure is MOST likely to produce a random sample?
 
A researcher goes to a dealership to obtain a list of the people who purchased luxury automobiles to gather information about the driving habits of American drivers.
A researcher surveys first-year psychology students to gather information about the school’s first-year students’ feelings of homesickness.
A researcher stands outside a football stadium entrance before a game asking people to fill out a survey to obtain the opinions of all city residents about the building of a new stadium.
A researcher draws 60 names from a hat that contains the names of all 300 construction workers on a job site to survey them about the job site’s safety practices.
5.  A factor that can take on more than one value is called a(n):
 
correlation.
operational definition.
hypothesis.
variable.
6.  Even if two variables are highly correlated, one cannot say that their relationship is one of _____. Instead, the relationship may be the result of _____.
 
cause-effect; the placebo effect
predictability; random assignment
predictability; control
cause-effect; a third variable
7.  A table or figure that depicts the number of participants receiving each score for a given variable is called a(n):
 
frequency distribution.
correlation coefficient.
inferential statistic.
scatterplot.
8.  If one plotted the height of every adult male in the United States on a piece of paper, one would end up with a:
 
bell-shaped line.
jagged line.
horizontal line.
vertical line.
9.  When comparing two normal distributions with the same mean but different standard deviations, the one with the smaller standard deviation would:
 
be shifted to the right.
have a bell shape that is narrower and taller.
be shifted to the left.
have a bell shape that is wider and shorter.
1.  A ______ shows two variables combined as individual points on a graph.
 
scatterplot
positive correlation
negative correlation
frequency distribution
2.  Professor Rossi wants to represent the data she collected on age and income as single points on a chart. She can accomplish this using a:
 
negative correlation.
frequency distribution.
positive correlation.
scatterplot.
3.  Professor McManus shows a scatterplot of data that show that grades increase as the number of hours spent studying increases. Professor McManus has shown that:
 
a positive correlation between studying and grades.
a negative correlation between studying and grades.
studying causes grades to increase.
not studying causes grades to decrease.
4.  A positive correlation:
 
indicates that one variable causes an increase in the other variable.
indicates that one variable causes a decrease in the other variable.
indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.
indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable increases.
5.  Michael notices that the plants in his garden that are in the shade most of the day are smaller than the ones that are in the sun. What can Michael conclude about the relationship between sunlight and plant growth?
 
that plants in the shade get less food from the soil.
a negative correlation between amount of sunlight and plant growth.
that plants in the sun get more food from the soil.
a positive correlation between amount of sunlight and plant growth.
6.  Professor Gliserman is studying the effect of alcohol on response time. Professor Gliserman will likely find _____ between the two variables.
 
no relationship
negative correlation
a scatterplot
positive correlation
7.  An upward sloping scatterplot indicates:
 
a correlation coefficient that is less than zero.
negative correlation.
positive correlation.
no relationship.
8.  A downward sloping scatterplot indicates:
 
no relationship.
a correlation coefficient that is greater than zero.
negative correlation.
positive correlation.
9.  The correlation coefficient is represented by:
 
r.
c.
k.
d.
10.  Which of the following correlation coefficients may represent a strong positive correlation?
 
0.80
0.10
1.20
-0.80
11.  Correlation coefficients can range from:
 
-2 to 2.
0 to 1.
-1 to 1.
-1 to 0.
12.  Professor Hartwick finds that people who tend to score low on one variable tend to score low on another variable. Professor Hartwick has found:
 
a positive correlation.
no relationship.
a negative correlation.
a correlation coefficient that is less than zero.
13.  Which of the following is a correct representation of a strong negative correlation?
 
r = -0.22
c = -0.82
r = -0.82
c = -0.22
14.  Which of the following correlation coefficients would you expect to see between month of birth (1 through 12) and scores on an intelligence test?
 
r = 0.52
r = -0.62
r = -0.02
r = 0.72
15.  Scatterplots show:
 
the frequency of individual test scores.
bars representing different variables.
two scores represented as individual points on the graph.
causal relationships between two variables.
16.  Professor Andrews found that as the number of days absent increases, students grades decrease. Professor Andrews has found:
 
that days absent causes grades to decrease.
that attending class causes grades to increase.
a positive correlation between days absent and grades.
a negative correlation between days absent and grades.
17.  If high values in one variable are associated with both high and low values of the other variables, the variables are:
 
positively correlated.
negatively correlated.
a correlation coefficient.
uncorrelated.
18.  Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest negative correlation?
 
-0.20
-0.80
-1.01
0.10
19.  Dr. Velasquez found a correlation of r = 0.02 in a recent study. The two variables in his study are:
 
uncorrelated.
downward sloping.
negatively correlated.
positively correlated.
20.  Professor Zhang found a correlation of -0.76. What data could this correlation represent?
 
the relationship between month of year and anxiety
the relationship between antidepressant dose and depressive symptoms
the relationship between depressive symptoms and gender
the relationship between depressive symptoms and age

• Explain how you will implement what you learned from the lessons when you  return to your unit.

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• Write an essay for each of the two topics you selected.

• Explain how you will implement what you learned from the lessons when you

return to your unit.

• Describe the possible obstacles or barriers to your implementation of what you

learned and how you will overcome the obstacles or barriers.

• Essays should be no less than 500 words and no more than 750 words.

I choose:

– “Public speaking” (Because I know, like a leader I need to know how to speak in front of

people. Before BLC my speaking skills were very bad. During class I learn a lot of helpful

stuff, like: important eye contact, body movements, use pitches on important words, we

learn 4 types of Army briefs, preparation steps…also I feel confident after my public speaking in front of my classmates……).

– “Team Building and Conflict Management” (like a future leader I should to know how to

build my team, build strong relationships between my soldiers, how resolve conflicts. We

learn different types conflicts, some of them even good for mission….. )

P. S. I have attached two pp presentations from both classes for your convenient, just for you to have some basic knowledge about these classes. You can write essay using ur own words just like regular you are explaining, how you will use all knowledges and skills from these lessons in future work when you come back to your unit.