1. The Wilcox & Keselman (2003) article from this week’s electronic readings discusses two problems with measures of central tendency: skewness of the data and outliers. Discuss each of these issues and how they affect measures of central tendency.
2. For the following scores, find the mean, median, and mode. Which would be the most appropriate measure for this data set? You may use Microsoft® Excel® data anlysis to compute these statistics. You may copy your output from Microsoft® Excel® into this worksheet.
2, 2, 0, 5,1, 4,1, 3, 0, 0, 1, 4, 4, 0,1, 4, 3, 4, 2, 1
Mean- 42/20= 2..1
Median- 2
Mode- numbers 1 and 4
The most appropriate measure for this data set would be mean as it involves all the numbers combined.
3. Based on the scale of measurement for each variable listed below, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for describing the data?
a. The time (in years) it takes a sample of students to graduate college.
b. The blood type (such as A, B, AB, or O) of a group of participants.
c. The rankings of college undergraduate academic programs.
4. How do the sample mean and the population mean differ? What is the symbol for each type of mean?
5. An expert reviews a sample of 10 scientific articles (n = 10) and records the following numbers of error in each article: 0, 4, 2, 8, 2, 3, 1, 0, 5, and 7. Compute the SS, the variance, and the standard deviation for this sample using the definitional and computational formulas. You may use Microsoft® Excel® data anlysis to compute these statistics. You may copy your output from Microsoft® Excel® into this worksheet.
6. A psychologist interested in political behavior measured the square footage of the desks in the official office of four U.S. governors and of four CEOs of major U.S. corporations. The figures for the governors were 44, 36, 52, and 40 square feet. The figures for the CEOs were 32, 60, 48, 36 square feet.
a. Figure the means and standard deviations for the each group: governors and CEOs.—Govenor’s mean=43 standard =6.83
CEO’s mean=44 standard=12.65
b. Explain, to a person who has never had a course in statistics, what you have done.
c. Note the ways in which the means and standard deviations differ, and speculate on the possible meaning of these differences, presuming they are representative of U.S. governors and large corporations’ CEOs in general.
7. Radel and colleagues (2011) conducted a study of how feeling overly controlled makes you desire—even unconsciously—more freedom. In their study, 52 Canadian undergraduates played a video game in a laboratory and were randomly assigned to one1 of the following:
· An automony deprivation condition, in which they were told to follow instructions precisely, constantly given instructions over a loudspeaker, and carefully observed on everything they did.
· A neutral condition, which was much more laid back.
After this activity, they were asked to do a lexical decision task (a standard approach for measuring unconscious responses), in which they were shown a series of words and nonwords in random order and had to press C if it was a real word or N if not. Half of the real words were related to autonomy (such as freedom and choice), and half were neutral (such as whisper and hammer). The key focus of the study was on how long it took people to press the button (response latency) for each kind of real word, averaged over the many words of each type. The table below shows the mean and standard deviation across the participants of these four categories of results. For example, 782 milliseconds (thousandths of a second) is the average time it took participants in the autonomy-deprived condition to respond to the autonomy-related words, and 211 is the standard deviation across the 26 participants’ average response time in that condition. Explain the numbers in this table to a person who has never taken a course in statistics. (Be sure to explain some specific numbers, as well as the general principle of the mean and standard deviation.) For your interest, the pattern of results shown here supported the researchers’ hypothesis: “Relative to a neutral instructional climate, a controlling climate thwarting the need for autonomy…enhanced accessibility for autonomy-related words” (p. 924).
Mean Latencies (in Milliseconds) in the Lexical Task Assessing Accessibility for Autonomy-Related Constructs (Experiment 1)
Condition
Autonomy Deprivation
Neutral
Construct
M
SD
M
SD
Autonomy-related words
782
211
857
243
Neutral words
835
258
841
301
8. A researcher records the levels of attraction for various fashion models among college students. He finds that mean levels of attraction are much higher than the median and the mode for these data.
a. What is the shape of the distribution for the data in this study?
b. What measure of central tendency is most appropriate for describing these data? Why?
9. An organizational psychologist measures levels of job satisfaction in a sample of 30 participants. To measure the variance of job satisfaction, it is calculated that the SS = 120 for this sample.
What are the degrees of freedom for the variance?
Compute the variance and standard deviation (you will have to do this one by hand).
10. State the three empirical rules for a normal distribution with any mean and varaince.

1. Sir Isaac Newton’s corpuscular theory of light in Opticks treated light as
Select one:
a. Having a discrete mass
b. Both energy and matter
c. A stream of particles
d. Eternal
2. Plato thought of light as coming from
Select one:
a. The sun
b. The air
c. Our eyes
d. The gods
3. The appearance of waves spreading out after moving through an opening is one example of the phenomenon called
Select one:
a. Corpuscular theory
b. Huygens pattern
c. Diffraction
d. Maxwell’s Law
4. Which of the following is a practical example of destructive interference
Select one:
a. LCD displays
b. Window blinds
c. Sound cancelling headphones
d. Polarized sunglasses
5. Light is
Select one:
a. Only a Wave
b. Only a Particle
c. Both a wave and a particle
d. Neither a wave nor a particle
6. Quantum physics can best be described as
Select one:
a. The study of turbulent compressible fluid motions
b. The study of matter on discrete, very small scales
c. The study of distant quasi-stellar objects in the early universe
d. The study of fission and fusion
7. The creation of an interference pattern is indicative of
Select one:
a. Organized molecular blockage
b. Misaligned polarization
c. Opposite charged magnetic poles
d. Wave propagation
8. Albert Einstein called light ______ for which he won the Nobel Prize in 1921 Lasers
Select one:
a. Lasers
b. Waves called ‘photoelectrons’
c. Energy packets named ‘photons’
d. Masers
9. The linear distance between two successive peaks on a wave is called a _____
Select one:
a. Decibel
b. Amplitude
c. Frequency
d. Wavelength
10. Light from the most distant galaxies has been travelling for ______ before reaching our eyes.
Select one:
a. Billions of years
b. Hundreds of years
c. Millions of years
d. Thousands of years
11. Sarah notices that when waves from two different sides of a wave tank meet the waves seem to vanish. What is she observing?
Select one:
a. Resonance
b. Annulment
c. Disintegration
d. Destructive interference
12. Quantum physics describes the interaction of matter and light on _____ scales
Select one:
a. Global
b. Atomic
c. Galactic
d. Imaginary
13. Thomas Young’s work compared interference patterns in water waves with light produced by his _____
Select one:
a. Difference engine
b. Double-slit experiment
c. Stream of particles
d. Shadow masks
14. Euclid identified properties of light including moving in straight lines and laws of _____
Select one:
a. Electromagnetism
b. Radiation
c. Natural Motion
d. Reflection
15. When the double slit experiment is performed with a strong coherent source of light such as a laser we observe evidence that light behaves like a wave
Select one:
True
False
16. When peaks and toughs of two waves line up and add together this is called _____
Select one:
a. Destructive interference
b. Additive alignment
c. Constructive interference
d. Corrective alignment
17. A wave can be thought of as a _____ while a particle is a ______
Select one:
a. Individual; Group
b. Pattern; Discrete object or quantity
c. Peak; Valley or trough
d. Wavelength; Frequency
18. James Clerk Maxwell discovered that light is a type of _____ and can travel through the vacuum of space
Select one:
a. Radiant matter
b. Electromagnetic wave
c. High energy particle
d. Acoustic resonance
19. In much the same way that Newton is associated with laws of classical mechanics, Maxwell is
Select one:
a. Electromagnetism
b. Astrophysics
c. Quantum mechanics
d. Linear algebra
20. The work of _____ on light was not widely regarded at the time because it was the opposite of what Newton (who was already wildly famous) had proposed
Select one:
a. Albert Einstein
b. Thomas Young
c. Aristotle
d. Christiaan Huygens
21.
We see water waves readily in the sea, lakes or even puddles. How do we most commonly sense waves in air?
Select one:
a. Touch
b. Sight
c. Hear
d. Taste
22. If light is seen to diffract through an opening then light behaves like
Select one:
a. A wave
b. A stream of particles
c. A single particle
d. A photon

1. Find the minimum cost implementation in SOP (Sum of Products) and POS (Product of Sums)for the function f(x1,x2,x3) = Σ m(1,2,3,5). Using the formula for determining the cost of an implementation, calculate the cost.
2. A four variable logic function that is equal to 1 if any three or all four of its variables are equal to 1 is called majority function. Design a minimum cost SOP circuit that implements this majority function.
3. Find the minimal SOP expression for f(x1,x2,x3, x4) = Σ m(1,5,7,9,11,15) 4. Find the minimum sum-of-product of the following functions:
a. F=X’Z + XY + XY’Z b. F=A’C’D + B’CD + AC’D+BCD c. F=WXZ’ + WX’YZ + XZ d. F=ABC’D’ +A’BC’+ABD+A’CD+BCD’
5. A circuit with two outputs has to implement the following functions: f(x1,..,x4) = Σ m(0,2,4,6,7,9) + D(10,11) g(x1,..,x4)= Σ m(2,4,9,10,15)+D(0,13,14)
Design the minimum-cost circuit and compare its cost with combined costs of two circuits that implements f and g separately. Assume that the input variables are available in both complemented and uncomplemented forms.
NOTE: Calculate the cost of a logic circuit as the number of gates plus the total number of inputs to all gates in the circuit. Assuming that inputs are available both true and complemented form at zero cost. If an inversion is needed inside a circuit, then the corresponding NOT gate and its input are included in the cost.