Explain how organisms that require a neutral environment survive and function despite metabolic activities that tend to shift pH toward either acidic or basic ends of the pH scale? Be specific

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DISCUSSION TOPIC

pH and the Scientific Method

pH

Your book defines pH as the “measure of the relative acidity of a solution, ranging in value from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic). pH stands for potential hydrogen and refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions.” (G-12) Living organisms (e.g., plants, animals, bacteria) require careful control of their internal pH, since they are sensitive to even small changes in pH. Homeostasis is the maintenance, by living organisms, of stable surroundings; this includes pH, as well as temperature, osmolarity, and a number of other environmental variables.

1. Explain how organisms that require a neutral environment survive and function despite metabolic activities that tend to shift pH toward either acidic or basic ends of the pH scale? Be specific!

Scientific Method

You’ve read about the Scientific Method in our Unit 1 overview page and this unit’s lecture. The scientific method is used unconsciously by many people on a daily basis, for tasks such as cooking and budgeting. Understanding how to apply the scientific method to these seemingly non-scientific problems can be valuable in furthering one’s career and in making decisions. We talk about a hypothesis being used and tested, but a hypothesis is often confused with a prediction.

2. Explain what a hypothesis and a prediction are and how they are different.

3. Imagine that you notice that your neighbor’s lawn is lusher and greener than yours. You observe your neighbor for several units and it appears that he treats his lawn no different than you, except for the fact that he applies a fertilizer. Based on this observation, identify a testable hypothesis that explains your observation and provide at least one prediction based on your hypothesis.

Draw and describe the structure of a plant cell and animal cell.

ii: Differentiate Mitosis and Meiosis, give one example for each type of cell division.

All sections carry equal marks. Answer all questions. Total marks: 10

A: i: Draw and describe the structure of a plant cell and animal cell.

ii: Differentiate Mitosis and Meiosis, give one example for each type of cell division.

B: i: Define and differentiate aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

ii: What is phage: draw and describe.

C: Choose the best answer:

1) An antibiotic kills 99.9% of a bacterial population. You would expect the next generation of bacteria to

A) be just as susceptible to that antibiotic as was the previous generation.

B) be more resistant to that antibiotic.

C) die out due to the drastic decrease in population size.

D) be more contagious than the prior generation.

Answer:

2) Watching salt crystals form as ocean water evaporates, a student says, “Look—more and more crystals are appearing. The ocean water is alive!” Which statement is an accurate evaluation of the student’s remark?

A) The student is correct: Crystals are ordered structures and they are reproducing, so the ocean water is alive.

B) The student is correct because crystals are formed by processing energy from the sun to create new structures, so ocean water is alive.

C) The student is incorrect because the solution is processing energy from the sun rather than gaining energy from other organisms, so the ocean water is not alive.

D) The student is incorrect because all of the crystals reproduce the same kind of crystals with no variation to provide adaptation, so the ocean water is not alive.

Answer:

3) The four most common elements in living organisms are

A) C, H, O, Fe.

B) C, H, O, Na.

C) C, H, O, N.

D) C, N, O, Na.

Answer:

4) Typically, nitrogen atoms are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. An isotope of nitrogen could

A) be positively charged.

B) be negatively charged.

C) have more protons than the usual nitrogen atom.

D) have more neutrons than the usual nitrogen atom.

Answer:

5) In plants, the process of photosynthesis produces glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Which of the following options about photosynthesis is consistent with this statement?

A) All of the carbon atoms in glucose came from carbon dioxide.

B) More atoms are present at the beginning than at the end.

C) More carbon dioxide is released from the plant than is absorbed.

D) Water is synthesized by the plant from H2 and O2.

Answer:

6) How will a lower ocean pH caused by ocean acidification affect coral reefs?

A) Coral reefs will grow faster because there are more carbonate ions available.

B) Coral reefs will grow slower because there are fewer carbonate ions available.

C) Coral reefs will grow faster because there are more bicarbonate ions available.

D) Coral reefs will grow slower because there are fewer bicarbonate ions available.

Answer:

7) Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, in which glucose is used to generate ATP to power the cell. The major chemical reaction that takes place in glycolysis (ignoring some other reactants and products) is the conversion of glucose (C6H12O6) to pyruvate (C3H4O3) and hydrogen ions (H+). Using this information, what is the correct equation for the glycolysis chemical reaction?

A) C6H12O6 → C3H4O3 + H+

B) C6H12O6 → 2 C3H4O3 + 2 H+

C) C6H12O6 → 2 C3H4O3 + H+

D) 2 C6H12O6 → C3H4O3 + 2 H+

Answer:

8) Which of the following is a carboxyl group?

A) -C-O

B) -OH

C) -NH2

D) -COOH

Answer:

9) If you were to add olive oil to your food as part of a diet to lower your risk of heart disease, you would use olive oil that

A) is liquid at room temperature.

B) is hydrogenated.

C) is modified to be solid at room temperature.

D) has lard added to it.

Answer:

10) How are these two amino acids attached?

A) amino group to amino group

B) amino group to carboxyl group

C) carboxylic acid group to carboxyl group

D) through a hydrolysis react