How would a physician be able to tell if STI is working?

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How would a physician be able to tell if STI is working?

Why is STI considered a scientifically controversial strategy? Suggest three biological reasons why STI could be advantageous. Predict what will happen to the virus over time if patients are then allowed to resume their HAART therapy after STI. Propose situations in which the STI approach may not be recommended or effective in some HIV-positive people. How would a physician be able to tell if STI is working?

What is a monohybrid cross? How do you work one? How do you determine the probability of outcomes?

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What is a monohybrid cross? How do you work one? How do you determine the probability of outcomes?

1) Know what a cell looks like in every stage of mitosis

2) Know what happens in every stage of mitosis

3) Know the stages of development in an animal’s life cycle

4) What is a monohybrid cross? How do you work one? How do you determine the probability of outcomes?

5) What is a dihybrid cross? How do you work one? How do you determine the probability of outcomes?

6) What is your chromosome number in human cells after mitosis? After meiosis?

Read the New York Times article entitled, “Reverse Engineering Birds’ Beaks into Dinosaur Bones” found here then provide a brief summary of the article. Next discuss whether or not you believe that the evolution of birds can be reversed. Why or why not?

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“Read the New York Times article entitled, “Reverse Engineering Birds’ Beaks into Dinosaur Bones” found here then provide a brief summary of the article. Next discuss whether or not you believe that the evolution of birds can be reversed. Why or why not?

Note: Online students, please respond to one (1) of the following three (3) bulleted items.

In your own words explain the concept of rRNA then suggest three (3) reasons why scientists choose to use rRNA as an Evolutionary Chronometer.

Provide a 100-250 word debate as to whether or not you believe that epigenetic marks can be inherited. Next briefly summarize the nature of the information that epigenetic marks store.

Read the New York Times article entitled, “Reverse Engineering Birds’ Beaks into Dinosaur Bones” found here then provide a brief summary of the article. Next discuss whether or not you believe that the evolution of birds can be reversed. Why or why not?
Reply to this statement

The epigenetic marks can be inherited through the DNA of a certain generation and then passed on through gametes to the coming generation. The inheritance of epigenetic marks do happen and there are some scientific groups figuring out to what extent this happens, there are some groups or subset of genes referred to as imprint genes which have two functions one which comes from the mother and the other one from the farther, either coming from the mother or from the mother their allele is methylated important but only one produces the proteins because they remain elucidated mostly in the early development. It is very important to establish that the phenotype to be inherited is dependent on being passed through the gametes. An illustration of the mice is stressing the mother which is more likely raised, and is referred to as associative changes in the DNA methylation in glucocorticoid receptor gene. This is not done through gametes although there is some behavior interaction in the parents.

The organism can be changed by the environmental factors. these changes can be positive and some can be associated with very bad diseases like cancer, some certain epigenetic marks can be inherited and change their shape due to environmental factors and cellular features over the generations.

What would be the phenotype of a null mutation in the CRP protein gene in the regulation of Lac operon and why? 5. (1point) What would be the phenotype of a “constitutively expressed” mutation in the CRP protein gene in the regulation of Lac operon (i.e. CRP proteins are always highly expressed) and why?

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What would be the phenotype of a null mutation in the CRP protein gene in the regulation of Lac operon and why?
5. (1point) What would be the phenotype of a “constitutively expressed” mutation in the CRP protein gene in the regulation of Lac operon (i.e. CRP proteins are always highly expressed) and why?

1. (1 point) Evaluate the following lac operon partial diploids. Indicate whether the production of functional β-galactosidase from lacZ and of permease from lacY is “inducible”, “constitutive”, “absent” or “noninducible” for each partial diplod
a. F’ I+-p+o+Z+Y+ X F- I+p+o+Z-Y-
b. F’ I+-p+ocZ+Y- X F- I+p+o+Z-Y+ c. F’ I+-p+ocZ-Y+ X F- Isp+o+Z+Y+
2~3 Describe the effects on attenuation and on tryptophan synthesis of the following mutations of the two tryptophan codons (UGGUGG) in the attenuator region of operon.
2. (1 point) The tryptophan codons are mutated to UAGUGG. 3. (1 point) The tryptophan codons are mutated to UUGUUG.
4. (1 point) What would be the phenotype of a null mutation in the CRP protein gene in the regulation of Lac operon and why?
5. (1point) What would be the phenotype of a “constitutively expressed” mutation in the CRP protein gene in the regulation of Lac operon (i.e. CRP proteins are always highly expressed) and why?
6. (2 points) A repressible operon system, like the trp operon, contains three genes, G, Z, and W. Operon genes are synthesized when the end product of the operon synthesis pathway is absent, but there is no synthesis when the end product is present. One of these genes is an operator, one is a regulatory protein, and the other is a structural enzyme involved in synthesis of the end product. In the table below, “+” indicates that the enzyme is synthesized by the operon, and “-“ means that no enzyme synthesis occurs. Use this information to determine which gene corresponds to each operon function.
Present
G+Z+W+   +
G-Z+W+   + G+Z-W+   – G+Z+W-      + G-Z+W+/G+Z-W-      + G+Z-W+/G-Z+W-      + G-Z-W-/G+Z+W+      + G+Z+W-/G-Z-W+      +
7. (1 point) Gene A is maternally imprinted (silenced) while Gene B is paternally imprinted when imprinted silencing occurs. A Mom with Genes A and B imprinted and a Dad with an imprinted Gene A have a daughter and a son. The children then marry individuals known not to be silenced for either gene. What is the imprint status of the daughter and son respectively? If each marriage results in the birth of a daughter and a son, what would you expect the imprint status of genes A and B to be for the grandchildren?
8 ~ 9. On a rare occasion, human can be born with a condition known as “uniparental disomy”. This happens when an individual inherited both copies of a chromosome from one parent but no copies from the other parent. For example, abnormal sperm that lacks chromosome 15 can fertilize an egg that contains two copies of chromosome 15. This is known as maternal uniparental disomy 15. Alternatively, there are cases of paternal disomy 15 (an abnormal sperm with two copies of chromosome 15 fertilizes an egg with no copies).
8. (1 point) If a female is born with paternal disomy 15, would you expect her to be normal or have Angelman syndrome (AS) or have Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS)? And explain why?
9. (1point) Would you expect her to produce normal offspring or offspring affected with AS or PWS?

Two centuries ago Thomas Malthus declared that worldwide famine was inevitable as human population growth outpaced food production. At a conference in 1972 a group of academics predicted much the same thing for the last part of the twentieth century. Yet worldwide famine has not occurred and food supplies in the U.S. are excellent in both quantity and quality. Why have we been able to supply ourselves so well?

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Two centuries ago Thomas Malthus declared that worldwide famine was inevitable as human population growth outpaced food production. At a conference in 1972 a group of academics predicted much the same thing for the last part of the twentieth century. Yet worldwide famine has not occurred and food supplies in the U.S. are excellent in both quantity and quality. Why have we been able to supply ourselves so well?

1. Answer in 60 words or more, list reference.

Two centuries ago Thomas Malthus declared that worldwide famine was inevitable as human population growth outpaced food production. At a conference in 1972 a group of academics predicted much the same thing for the last part of the twentieth century. Yet worldwide famine has not occurred and food supplies in the U.S. are excellent in both quantity and quality. Why have we been able to supply ourselves so well?

2. Answer in 60 words or more, list reference.
Home owner and golf courses often use large amounts of pesticide and fertilizer to produce lawns that are of exceptional quality. The products are needed as the lawn is a monoculture of grass and so not a naturally stable ecosystem. Some municipalities are enacting laws to limit the amounts and types of pesticide and fertilizer that can be applied to lawns.

The home owners and golf courses see this as an infringement on their civil rights. What reasons could a municipality give to explain why they should have the right to limit the actions of a group of people on their own property?

In this assignment, you will take a look at the scientific method. You will design a (fictional) scientific study to answer a specific question based upon an observation.

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In this assignment, you will take a look at the scientific method. You will design a (fictional) scientific study to answer a specific question based upon an observation.

PART 1

Deliverable Length: 5-6 paragraphs

When you look around at the world, you can see many examples that demonstrate how an object’s or a system’s structure relates to its function. The structure of a highway system, for example, can affect traffic flow. You can, no doubt, think of many other examples.

In this Discussion Board assignment, you will look at the structure of the most basic unit of life, the living cell. You will also investigate how the structures of cells are directly related to the functions that are important to life.

Part 1

Your text describes the difference between the organelles in a eukaryotic cell and the more simple structure of a prokaryotic cell as an analogy between the chief executive officer’s (CEO’s) corner office and a cubicle. Organelles are like appliances or pieces of furniture that perform specific functions. Choose 1 organelle, and use an analogy to explain its function. For example, explain how a chloroplast is like a solar panel, or how a mitochondrion is like a furnace. Try to think of original analogies for other organelles or cell structures such as golgi, lysosome, cell wall, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, nucleus, and so on. Include how your analogy may be less than perfect. Compare your analogy with those of your classmates’.

Part 2

You will read that only plants, algae, and some bacteria are photosynthetic. There is an exception to this, though. One species of sea slug has found a way to steal chloroplasts, store them in cells lining its digestive tract, and live on the sugar that is produced (Milius, 2010). What benefit would there be for animal cells (including those of humans) to make their own food? Could cell, tissue, or genetic engineering allow humans to use chloroplasts this way? Describe 1 or 2 factors that would need to be considered for chloroplasts to function in an animal or a human.

Reference

Provide references in APA format. This includes a reference list and in-text citations for references used throughout the assignment.

External Web Links

Prokaryote Versus Eukaryote
Endosymbiont Theory

PART 2 OF THE ASSIGNMENT!!!

Deliverable Length: 2-3 pages

Scientific inquiry in biology starts by observing the living species around you. What separates science from the other methods of seeking truth is that it is testable (e.g., one can devise experiments to test the validity of an idea); it is falsifiable (e.g., an experiment can reveal if an idea is false); and it involves natural causality (e.g., the method involves and depends upon the natural laws of the universe which cause things to happen in a predictable and repeatable manner).

Observation: Scientific inquiry begins when something interesting gets your attention.

Question: Following an observation, a question arises in your mind. It may be something like “I wonder what?” or, “I wonder how? or, “I wonder why?”

Assignment Details

In this assignment, you will take a look at the scientific method. You will design a (fictional) scientific study to answer a specific question based upon an observation.

First, choose 1 of the following observations or questions:

Option A
Observation: During the winter, you spread salt daily on your driveway to melt the snow. In the springtime, when the lawn begins to grow, you notice that there is no grass growing for about 3 inches from the driveway. Furthermore, the grass seems to be growing more slowly up to about 1 foot from the driveway.
Question: Might grass growth be inhibited by salt?
Option B
Observation: You and your neighbor have small kitchen gardens where you both grow tomatoes. His blotchy green and red tomatoes taste much sweeter than your perfectly uniform red ones.
Question: Might tomato sweetness be effected by the green chloroplasts in the fruits?
Option C
Observation: You went to the bakery to get a loaf of bread, but all of the loaves seemed small. The baker said that he used the same recipe and tested to be sure the yeast in the dough was active, but the machine he used broke down during the kneading process. Because the bread rose, he decided that it had developed enough gluten, and he baked it off anyway.
Question: Does yeast need air to make bread rise?
After choosing 1 of the above options (observation and question), you will do some library or Internet research about the subject. Once you have become familiar with the topic, propose a testable hypothesis to answer the question, and follow the rest of scientific method to determine if your hypothesis is correct by designing a controlled experiment.

You will not actually do the experiment or collect results; rather, you will propose a workable controlled experiment and make up what would seem to be reasonable results. You will then discuss those imagined results and draw a conclusion (based upon your imagined results) about whether or not to accept your hypothesis.

Complete the steps of the scientific method for your choice of observation and question using the directions below. Use the following headings in your paper.

Introduction

The introduction is an investigation of what is currently known about the question being asked. Before one proposes a hypothesis or dashes off to the lab to do an experiment, a thorough search is made in the existing literature about the specific question and about topics related to the question. Once one is familiar with what is known about the question under consideration, one is in a position to propose a reasonable hypothesis to test the question.

Hypothesis

This is an educated guess or a best guess about what might be the explanation for the question that is asked. A hypothesis should be a 1-sentence statement (not a question) that can be tested in an experiment. A hypothesis can be stated as a prediction using an if/then statement. The ability to test a hypothesis implies that it has a natural, repeatable cause.

Controlled Experimental Method

The hypothesis is tested in a controlled experiment. A controlled experiment compares a control (e.g., the normal, unmodified, or unrestricted, or uninhibited set-up based on the observation) to one or several experimental set-ups. The conditions in the experimental set-ups are identical to the control in every way (e.g., temperature, composition, shape, kind, etc.), except for the one experimental variable that is being tested. The results obtained from the experimental set-ups will be compared to each other and to those obtained from the control. If done correctly, any differences in the results may be attributed to the experimental variable under consideration.

When designing an experiment, it is important to use multiples (replicates) for each set-up to avoid drawing the wrong conclusion. If the experiment only has one control and only one experimental setup with just one test subject in each, there is always the chance that a single living organism (test subject) could get sick or even die for reasons not caused by the experimental variable. Because living organisms are genetically different, the results from just one test subject in a given setup may not be typical for the species as a whole. This could result in errors when interpreting the results. This kind of problem is avoided by using multiple controls and multiple experimental setups with multiple test subjects.

Be sure to provide sufficient details in your method section so that someone could reproduce your experiment.

The experimental method section should also state clearly how data (numbers) will be collected during the experiment, which will be used to compare results in each test setup.

Results

Because this is a suppositional experiment, you will make up results according to what you think might happen if you actually did the experiment.

Results should include detailed raw data (numbers) rather than just a summary of the results. For example, if data are collected daily for five weeks, results should include the actual data from each day, and not just a summary of what happened at the end of the five weeks. Recorded results should match the experimental method.

Conclusion

In this section, clearly state whether you reject or accept the hypothesis based on the (imagined) results. Discuss what this means in terms of the hypothesis, such as the need for additional experiments or the practical uses or implications of the results.

References

Provide references in APA format. This includes a reference list and in-text citations for references used in the introduction section.

Give your paper a title, and identify each section as specified above. Although the hypothesis will be a 1-sentence response, the other sections will need to be paragraphs to adequately explain your experiment.

Submit your assignment as a Word document.

For information on Macintosh Word shortcuts, click here.

Please submit your assignment.

For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, Web resources, and all course materials. Please refer to the following:

External Web links

Unit 2: Hypothesis
Unit 2: Scientific Method Simplified
Unit 2: Effect of Salt in Plants
Unit 2: Chloroplasts and tomato flavor
Unit 2: Yeast metabolism effects bread

Grading Rubric

50%

Purpose of Assignment/Content Development

Scientific Method

Demonstrates exemplary use of the scientific method to test a hypothesis based on a biological system.

Introduction: Description of investigation and background information. Explanation of rationale behind project.

Hypothesis: A single, clear statement that can be shown to be true or false based on the results of the study.

Methods: A demonstration of the scientific method based on comparing a control group with a test group and collecting empirical data.

Results: This should include data only.

Discussion/Conclusion: Summarize results. Interpret what the results mean to the hypothesis. Draw a conclusion.

20%

Critical and creative thinking, problem-solving

Demonstrates ability to analyze assumptions and evaluate evidence, complexities of issues, and alternatives.

Explains rationale of project in the introduction.

Develops a clear hypothesis.

Interpret results, includes discussion of importance and relates these back to the hypothesis.

25%

Effective communication

Demonstrate effective written and oral communication skills, including the ability to organize and communicate thoughts, ideas, and information in effective documents and presentations.

Organized report as a lab report with relevant headings as indicated in the assignment description.

Language clearly and effectively communicates ideas and content relevant to the assignment

5%

Information literacy and research

Demonstrates selection and use of high quality, credible, and relevant sources to develop ideas that are appropriate to the assignment.

Includes correct in-text citations.

Includes correct APA formatted references. (Minimum: one reference, which may include text.)

Do not forget to include APA citation and references for your work.

NO PLAGIARISM!!!!

*ALSO, PLACE BOTH PARTS ONTO SEPERATE DOCUMENTS*