Exercise 1: Data Interpretation  (2 pts each)

1. What patterns do you observe based on the information in Table 4?

No fish are present when the dissolved oxygen is zero. When there is more dissolved oxygen in the water, more fish are present. However, the number of fish tends to drop or level off when the dissolved oxygen is higher than 12 ppm.

 

2. Develop a hypothesis relating to the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in the water sample and the number of fish observed in the body of water.

Possible Hypotheses:

1.    The amount of dissolved oxygen affects the number of fish that can live in a body of water.

2.    As dissolved oxygen concentration increases, more fish can live in the body of water.

3.    There is an ideal dissolved oxygen concentration for fish to live in.

 

The rest of the questions are answered in full version:

1.    What would your experimental approach be to test this hypothesis?

 

 

2.    What would be the independent and dependent variables?

 

 

3.    What would be your control?

 

 

4.    What type of graph would be appropriate for this data set?  Why?

 

 

5.    Graph the data from Table 4: Water Quality vs. Fish Population (found at the beginning of this exercise).

 

 

6.    Interpret the data from the graph made in Question 7.

 

 

 

Exercise 2: Experimental Variables

Determine the variables tested in the each of the following experiments. If applicable, determine and identify any positive or negative controls.

 

Observations

1.    A study is being done to test the effects of habitat space on the size of fish populations. Different sized aquariums are set up with six goldfish in each one. Over a period of six months, the fish are fed the same type and amount of food. The aquariums are equally maintained and cleaned throughout the experiment. The temperature of the water is kept constant. At the end of the experiment the number of surviving fish is surveyed.

A.    Independent Variable:

 

 

B.    Dependent Variable:

 

 

C.   Controlled Variables/Constants:

 

 

D.   Experimental Controls/Control Groups:

 

 

2.    To determine if the type of agar affects bacterial growth, a scientist cultures E. coli on four different types of agar. Five petri dishes are set up to collect results:

§  One with nutrient agar and E. coli

§  One with mannitol-salt agar and E. coli

 

§  One with MacConkey agar and E. coli

§  One with LB agar and E. coli

§  One with nutrient agar but NO E. coli

 

All of the petri dishes received the same volume of agar, and were the same shape and size. During the experiment, the temperature at which the petri dishes were stored, and at the air quality remained the same. After one week the amount of bacterial growth was measured.

A.    Independent Variable:

 

 

B.    Dependent Variable:

 

C.   Controlled Variables/Constants:

 

 

D. Experimental Controls/Control Groups:

Exercise 3: Testable Observations

Determine which of the following observations are testable. For those that are testable:

Determine if the observation is qualitative or quantitative

Write a hypothesis and null hypothesis

What would be your experimental approach?

What are the dependent and independent variables?

What are your controls – both positive and negative?

How will you collect your data?

How will you present your data (charts, graphs, types)?

How will you analyze your data?

 

Observations

1.    A plant grows three inches faster per day when placed on a window sill than it does when placed on a on a coffee table in the middle of the living room.

 

 

2.    The teller at the bank with brown hair and brown eyes is taller than the other tellers.

 

 

 

3.    When Sally eats healthy foods and exercises regularly, her blood pressure is 10 points lower than when she does not exercise and eats fatty foods.

 

 

 

4.    The Italian restaurant across the street closes at 9 pm but the one two blocks away closes at 10 pm.

 

 

5.    For the past two days, the clouds have come out at 3 pm and it has started raining at 3:15 pm.

 

 

 

6.    George did not sleep at all the night following the start of daylight savings.

 

 

 

Exercise 4: Conversion

For each of the following, convert each value into the designated units.

 

 

1.    46,756,790 mg = _______ kg

 

 

2.    5.6 hours = ________ seconds

 

 

3.    13.5 cm = ________ inches

 

 

4.    47 °C = _______ °F

 

 

 

 

Exercise 5: Accuracy vs. Precision

For the following, determine whether the information is accurate, precise, both or neither.

 

1.    During gym class, four students decided to see if they could beat the norm of 45 sit-ups in a minute. The first student did 64 sit-ups, the second did 69, the third did 65, and the fourth did 67.

 

 

2.    The average score for the 5th grade math test is 89.5. The top 5th graders took the test and scored 89, 93, 91 and 87.

 

3.    Yesterday the temperature was 89 °F, tomorrow it’s supposed to be 88 °F and the next day it’s supposed to be 90 °F, even though the average for September is only 75 °F degrees!

 

4.    Four friends decided to go out and play horseshoes. They took a picture of their results shown to the right:

 

 

 

 

5.    A local grocery store was holding a contest to see who could most closely guess the number of pennies that they had inside a large jar. The first six people guessed the numbers 735, 209, 390, 300, 1005 and 689. The grocery clerk said the jar actually contains 568 pennies.

 

 

Exercise 6: Significant Digits and Scientific Notation

Part 1: Determine the number of significant digits in each number and write out the specific significant digits.

 

1.    405000

 

 

2.    0.0098

 

 

3.    39.999999

 

 

4.    13.00

 

 

5.    80,000,089

 

 

6.    55,430.00

 

 

7.    0.000033

 

 

8.    620.03080

 

Part 2: Write the numbers below in scientific notation, incorporating what you know about significant digits.

 

1.    70,000,000,000

 

 

2.    0.000000048

 

 

3.    67,890,000

 

 

4.    70,500

 

 

5.    450,900,800

 

 

6.    0.009045

 

 

7.    0.023

 

N4455 Nursing Leadership and Management

Change Theories Project

Note: You will create a PowerPoint slide presentation (not an APA paper) for this assignment. Submit your assignment to the Academic Coach for grading for this module. If you do not submit a PowerPoint slide presentation you will not receive credit for this assignment.

Overview: Change Theories Project

Each student will produce a plan for implementing a change project in nursing departments throughout the organization. You will begin by selecting one of the options provided in module one and propose a change to solve the problem. If you do not select one of the provided options you will not receive credit for this assignment. Then you will select one of the change theories you have studied that models how you want to implement the proposed change. You will conduct a SWOT analysis and develop a comprehensive action plan. You will create a PowerPoint presentation of your plan with a “script” in the Notes section below each slide, as if you are presenting this to an audience. These will be your speaker notes as if you are presenting your PowerPoint to an audience. You MUST have a notes section for your slides. There will be a 50 point deduction if notes are not present. (The Notes section can be found below each slide within the PowerPoint presentation).

During and after your work, you will examine the types of communications, decision-making processes, and processes you use, and comment upon those in the last part of the “script.”

Objectives

1. Select and utilize a change theory model to implement the proposed change (chapter 5)

2. Analyze the leadership roles and management skills necessary to implement a new program.

3. Identify your decision-making process.

4. Demonstrate the elements of the change process.

Rubric

Use this rubric to guide your work.

Criteria	Target	Acceptable	Unacceptable
Introduction (8 points)	Clear statement of a scenario (problem) and proposed change and rationale (4points)	Statement of a proposed change (2 points)	No statement of a proposed change (0points)
	Clear statement of appropriate change theory model to use (4points)	Statement of theory model addressed (4 points)	No statement of theory model (0points)
SWOT Analysis (12 points)	Clear identification of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with implementing or failing to implement the proposed plan (12 points)	Description of some potential strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with the proposed plan (9-10 points)	Missing description of viable strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, or threats associated with proposed plan (0-8 points)
Action Plan (40 points)	Each of these components addressed in detail (5 points each = 40 points) · Change Theory Model · Steps and processes · Communication plan · Leadership styles · Management functions · Budget requirements/ implications · Steps to assure staff compliance · Evaluation	Each of these components addressed generally (4 points each = 32 points) (See list under “Target”)	Some components addressed minimally or not at all (0-2 points each = 16 points maximum)
Decision-Making Process (15 points)	Analysis of the decision- making process used, including effective/ineffective processes and what you would change in the future (15 points)	General analysis of the decision-making process used, including effective/ineffective processes or what you would you change in the future (10-14 points)	Minimal or no analysis of the decision-making process used (0 -9 points)
References (25 points)	At least 3 references to professional literature, with correct APA citations	At least 2 references to professional literature, with mostly correct APA citations	One reference to professional literature, with correct APA citation (10 points)

Note: There will be automatic 50 point reduction if notes are not included.

Action Plan (Pivotal portion of project)

Your plan will include at least-

· Supporting rationale for implementing the new program.

· Steps and processes necessary to assure staff compliance.

· Ways in which you will communicate your plan.

· The change process you have chosen with an explanation of how and why this model was selected.

· A definition of the leadership style you expect to be most effective.

· What management functions you will utilize.

· Any budget requirements/implications.

· The advantages and disadvantages of using a work group vs. sending an e-mail announcing the change.

· A plan for how you will handle noncompliance, late majority, laggards, and rejecters.

· Specifications regarding how you will evaluate the effectiveness of your proposal.

You are expected to use current professional references to support your work throughout. At least two of your references must be from separate professional nursing management journals.

Project Presentation

Your presentation should be constructed as follows:

You will open a new PowerPoint presentation and save it to your computer desktop or other storage device with the filename: N4455_ YOURNAME. In the actual file, YOURNAME should be replaced by your name.

The presentation should include slides with the script in the Notes section of each slide. This script reflects what would be said at an oral presentation of the change proposal to key stakeholders. The slides should be created as follows-

Slide 1: Title Slide – Title and Your Name Slide 2: Introduction with chosen

Change Theory

Slide 3: SWOT Analysis

Identify the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats associated with implementing or failing to implement the proposed plan.

Slides 4-14: Action Plan

Discuss the details of the implementation plan. Demonstrate the application of theory to the specific decisions and recommendations.

· Change theory model

· Steps and processes

· Communication plan

· Leadership styles

· Management functions

· Budget requirements/implications

· Steps to assure staff compliance

· Evaluation

Slide 15: Decision-making process

Analyze the decision-making process used. What was effective or ineffective and what would you change in the future? (Note-Your slides should be indicative of what would be used in the presentation to the stakeholders, and the script in the Notes section should describe to the stakeholders how you arrived at decisions. Then, also in the Notes, describe in parentheses the effective and ineffective methods or situations involved in your work. You would probably not go into such details in your presentation to stakeholders!)

Slide 16: References